Chapter 10 – Industry Sectors

I. Agriculture.

A. Introduction.

Special situations arising in the agriculture industry, which is regulated under 29 CFR Part 1928 and the General Duty Standard, are discussed in this section. Part 1928 covers “agricultural operations,” which include, but are not limited to, egg farms, poultry farms, livestock grain and feed lot operations, dairy farms, horse farms, hog farms, fish farms, and fur-bearing animal farms. OSHA has very few standards that are applicable to this industry. Part 1928 sets forth a few standards in full and lists particular Part 1910 standards which apply to agricultural operations. Part 1910 standards not listed do not apply. The General Duty Standard may be used to address hazards not covered by these standards.

B. Definitions.

1. Agricultural Operations.
   This term is not defined in 29 CFR Part 1928. Generally, agricultural operations would include any activities involved in the growing and harvesting of crops, plants, vines, fruit trees, nut trees, ornamental plants, egg production, the raising of livestock (including poultry and fish), as well as livestock products. The Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission has ruled that activities integrally related to these core “agricultural operations” are also included within that term. Darragh Company, 9 BNA OSHC 1205, (Nos. 77-2555, 77-3074, and 77-3075, 1980) (delivery of feed to chicken farmer by integrator of poultry products is agricultural operation); Marion Stevens dba Chapman & Stephens Company, 5 BNA OSHC 1395 (No.13535, 1977) (removal of pipe to maintain irrigation system in citrus grove is agricultural operation). Post-harvest activities not on a farm, such as receiving, cleaning, sorting, sizing, weighing, inspecting, stacking, packaging and shipping produce, are not “agricultural operations.” J. C. Watson Company, 22 BNA OSHC 1235 (Nos. 05-0175 and 05-0176, 2008) (employer’s onion packing shed was not an agricultural operation); J. C. Watson Company v. Solis, DC Cir. 08-1230 (April 17, 2009).
2. Agricultural Employee.
   OSHA regulation §1975.4(b)(2) states that members of the immediate family of the farm employer are not regarded as employees.
3. Farming Operation.
   This term is used in OSHA’s Appropriations Act, and has been defined in CPL 02-00-051, Enforcement Exemptions and Limitations under the Appropriations Act, dated May 28, 1998, to mean any operation involved in the growing or harvesting of crops, the raising of livestock or poultry, or related activities conducted by a farmer on sites such as farms, ranches, orchards, dairy farms or similar farming operations.
   These are employers engaged in businesses that have a two digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) of 01 and three digit North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) of 111 (Agricultural Production – Crops); SIC 02 and NAICS 112 (Agricultural Production – Livestock and Animal Specialties); four digit SIC 0711 and six digit NAICS 115112 (Soil Preparation Services); SIC 0721 and NAICS 115112 (Crop Planting, Cultivating, and Protecting); SIC 0722 and NAICS 115113 (Crop Harvesting, Primarily by Machine); SIC 0761 and NAICS 115115 (Farm Labor Contractors and Crew Leaders); and SIC 0762 and NAICS 115116 (Farm Management Services).
4. Post-Harvesting Processing.
   This is a term that is used in CPL 02-00-051, Enforcement Exemptions and Limitations under the Appropriations Act, dated May 28, 1998, in discussing enforcement guidance for small farming operations. Generally, post-harvest processing can be thought of as changing the character of the product (canning, making cider or sauces, etc.) or a higher degree of packaging versus field sorting in a shed for size.

C. Appropriations Act Exemptions for Farming Operations.

See page 2-5, IV.D., Enforcement Exemptions & Limitations for how the Appropriations Act affects HIOSH enforcement. The term “exempt” below means that matching federal funds may not be used for enforcement.

1. Exempt Farming Operations.
   10 or fewer employees and have had no temporary labor camp (TLC) activity within the prior 12 months.
2. Non-Exempt Farming Operations.
   A farming operation with 10 or fewer employees that maintains a temporary labor camp or has maintained a temporary labor camp within the last twelve months is not exempt from inspection.
3. State Plans States.
   States with OSHA-approved State Plans may enforce on small farms and provide consultation or training, provided that 100% state funds are used and the state has an accounting system in place to assure that no federal or matching state funds are expended on these activities.
4. Enforcement Guidance for Small Farming Operations.
   OSHA’s Appropriations Act exempts qualifying small farming operations from enforcement or administration of all rules, regulations, standards or orders under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, including rules affecting consultation and technical assistance or education and training services.
   Table 10-1, below, provides an at-a-glance reference to HIOSH activities under OSHA funding legislation.

Table 10-1: OSHA’s Appropriations Act Exemptions for Farming Operations

Activity	Farming Operations w/ 10 or fewer employees and no TLC activity within 12 months	Farming Operations w/ more than 10 employees or a farming operation with an active TLC within 12 months
Programmed Safety Inspections	Exempt	Non-Exempt
Programmed Health Inspections	Exempt	Non-Exempt
Employee Complaint	Exempt	Non-Exempt
Fatality and/or two or more Hospitalizations (Reporting Note)	Exempt	Non-Exempt
Imminent Danger	Exempt	Non-Exempt
8(e) (Whistleblower Investigation)	Exempt	Non-Exempt
Consultation & Technical Assistance	Exempt	Non-Exempt
Education & Training	Exempt	Non-Exempt
Conduct Surveys & Studies	Exempt	Non-Exempt

NOTE: See CPL 02-00-051, Enforcement Exemptions and Limitations under the Appropriations Act, May 28, 1998, for additional information.

D. Standards Applicable to Agriculture.

HIOSH/OSHA has very few standards that apply to employers engaged in agricultural operations. Activities that take place after harvesting are considered general industry operations and are covered by HIOSH’s general industry standards.

1. Agricultural Standards (Part 1928).
   1. Roll-over Protective Structures (ROPS) for Tractors (§§1928.51, 1928.52, and 1928.53).
   2. Guarding of Moving Machinery Parts of Farm Field Equipment, Farmstead Equipment, and Cotton Gins (§1928.57).
   3. Field Sanitation (§1928.110). See Paragraph I.F. of this chapter, Wage & Hour/OSHA Shared Authority under Secretary’s Order, regarding Wage & Hour authority. OSHA has no authority to issue any citations under this standard.
2. General Industry Standards (Part 1910).
   1. Temporary Labor Camps (§1910.142). See Chapter 12, Section II, Temporary Labor Camps.
   2. Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia (§1910.111(a) and (b)).
   3. Logging Operations (§1910.266).
   4. Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags – Slow-Moving Vehicle Emblem (§1910.145(d)(10)).
   5. Hazard Communication (§1910.1200).
   6. Cadmium (§1910.1027).
   7. Retention of Department of Transportation Markings, Placards and Labels (§1910.1201).
      Except to the extent specified above, the standards contained in subparts B through T and subpart Z of Part 1910 of Title 29 do not apply to agricultural operations.
3. General Duty Standard.
   As in any situation where no standard is applicable, §12-60-2(a)(3) or §12-110-2(a)(3) of the HIOSH administrative rules (standards) may be used; all the elements for a general duty standard citation must be met. See Chapter 4, Section III, General Duty Standard.

E. Pesticides.

1. Coverage.
   1. Pursuant to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has jurisdiction over employee protection relating to pesticides (which also includes herbicides, fungicides and rodenticides). The EPA Worker Protection Standard (WPS) protects employees on farms, forests, nurseries, and greenhouses from occupational exposure to agricultural pesticides. The WPS includes provisions for personal protective equipment, labeling, employee notification, safety training, safety posters, decontamination supplies, emergency assistance, and restricted field entry. See 40 CFR Part 170, Worker Protection Standard.
   2. The regulation covers two types of employees:
      • Pesticide Handlers. Those who mix, load, or apply agricultural pesticides; clean or repair pesticide application equipment; or assist with the application of pesticides in any way.
      • Agricultural Workers. Those who perform tasks related to the cultivation and harvesting of plants on farms or in greenhouses, nurseries, or forests – such as carrying nursery stock, repotting plants, or watering – related to the production of agricultural plants on an agricultural establishment.
   3. For all pesticide use, including uses not covered by 40 CFR Part 170, it is a violation of FIFRA to use a registered pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. Thus, OSHA (and therefore, HIOSH) has no authority to issue any citations related to pesticide exposures, pursuant to Section 4(b)(1) of the OSH Act, unless HIOSH enters into an OSHA approved Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with the state enforcement agency, i.e., state Department of Agriculture, Pesticides Branch. In the event that a CSHO should encounter any cases of pesticide exposure or the lack of an appropriate pesticide label on containers, a referral shall be made to the Department of Agriculture, Pesticides Branch, responsible for enforcing FIFRA in Hawaii.
   4. EPA also has jurisdiction in non-agriculture situations where pesticides are being applied by pest control companies. This would include, but not be limited to, applications in and around factories, warehouses, office buildings, and personal residences. HIOSH may not cite its Hazard Communication standard in such situations.
2. OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard.
   Although HIOSH will not cite employers covered under EPA’s WPS with regard to hazard communication requirements for pesticides, agricultural employers otherwise covered by HIOSH are still responsible for having a hazard communication program for all hazardous chemicals that are not considered pesticides.

F. Wage & Hour/OSHA Shared authority under Secretary’s Order.

Since 1997, the Wage & Hour Division (WHD) of the Employment Standards Administration (ESA) has had shared authority with OSHA over two standards: the Field Sanitation standard (1928.110), and the Temporary Labor Camp standard (1910.142). See Delegation of Authorities and Assignment of Responsibilities to the Assistant Secretary for Employment Standards and Other Officials in the Employment Standards Administration (Federal Register, January 2, 1997 (62 FR 107)) and Secretary’s Order 5-2002: Delegation of Authority and Assignment of Responsibility to the Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health, Federal Register, October 22, 2002 (67 FR 65007).

1. Field Sanitation Standard.
   1. HIOSH has enforcement authority for this standard within the state of Hawaii.
   2. The provisions of the Field Sanitation standard are also applicable to reforestation activities involving “hand-labor operations” as defined by the standard. This position regarding reforestation activities was developed through extensive intra-agency discussions and was intended to provide, in the absence of a clear and unambiguous exemption of this activity from the provisions of the standard, the broadest possible coverage for these employees.
2. Temporary Labor Camp (TLC) Standard.
   HIOSH has enforcement authority for this standard in the state of Hawaii. See Chapter 12, Section II, Temporary Labor Camps, for a detailed discussion on Temporary Labor Camps.
3. Compliance Interpretation Authority.
   HIOSH has sole interpretation authority for both the Field Sanitation and the Temporary Labor Camp standards for workplaces within the state of Hawaii
4. State Plan States
   1. Eight of the twenty-two jurisdictions (21 states and Puerto Rico) that have OSHA-approved state plans covering private sector employment elected not to enforce the Field Sanitation standard in agriculture and the Temporary Labor Camp standard, except witrespect to egg, poultry, red meat production, and post-harvesting processing of agricultural and horticultural commodities. Thus, WHD enforces these standards, except as noted above, in the following states: Alaska, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, South Carolina, Utah and Wyoming.
   2. The 14 other jurisdictions with OSHA-approved state plans covering private sector employment have retained enforcement authority for the Field Sanitation and Temporary Labor Camp standards in agriculture. They are Arizona, California, Hawaii, Maryland, Michigan, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Puerto Rico, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia and Washington.

II. Construction [Reserved]

III. Maritime.

The maritime industry includes shipyard employment (shipbuilding, ship repair, shipbreaking, and related employments), marine cargo handling (longshoring and marine terminals), and other marine activities. OSHA has not always had a clear definition of what is considered “maritime” and what is not. In the past it was determined based on activity and sometimes based on location from navigable waters. The following examples are illustrative:

• Construction of a pier on the water is maritime. The nearby storage of materials and equipment for the pier construction, although not on the water would also be maritime.
• Shipbuilding on land and on water is maritime. Ship repair activities, including repairs to the ship’s engine, and other mechanical parts are also maritime – even if they occur well away from the water. While most such businesses only perform work related to ships and boats, some may also do repairs to other types of mechanical equipment, thus parts of the premises may be maritime and parts not.
• Construction of a building unrelated to maritime where the jobsite is within 50 yards of the ocean may be considered to be maritime by OSHA.
• Tourist attractions on the water, such as submarine tours, sunset cruises or whale-watching cruises may involve jurisdictions of the U.S. Coast Guard (vessel on navigable waters), OSHA (maritime activities related to maintenance and repair of the vessel), and HIOSH (retail operations, even if located on the piers).
• Commercial diving activities such as for aquaculture located within Hawaiian waters is Hawaii’s jurisdiction

Under the Hawaii State plan agreement with OSHA, OSHA retains jurisdiction over private sector maritime activities. However, since OSHA does not cover public employees, any public sector workers engaged in maritime activities are within Hawaii’s jurisdiction. This may include workers in the State Departments of Transportation, Agriculture and Health. County workers may include firefighters on fire boats.

Rather than risk losing a case for a questionable jurisdiction issue (which leaves workers at risk), the Branch Manager should contact the Honolulu Area Office before sending a CSHO out, if possible. If the Honolulu Area Office cannot be contacted immediately or is uncertain of the jurisdiction, CSHOs should proceed with the inspection. If it is later determined to be OSHA jurisdiction, the case file would be turned over to OSHA.

A. Maritime Industry Primary Resources.

1. Directives.
   1. CPL 02-00-157 – Shipyard Employment “Tool Bag” Directive, April 1, 2014, adopted by HIOSH on [Insert date].
   2. CPL 02-01-055 – Maritime Cargo Gear Standards and 29 CFR Part 1919 Certification, September, 30, 2013.
   3. CPL 02-00-154 – Longshoring and Marine Terminals “Tool Shed” Directive, July 31, 2012, adopted by HIOSH on August 31, 2012.
   4. CPL 02-00-151 – 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart T – Commercial Diving Operations, June 13, 2011, adopted by HIOSH on September 26, 2011.
   5. CPL 02-01-042 – 29 CFR Part 1915, Subpart B, Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres in Shipyard Employment, May 20, 2011, adopted by HIOSH on September 20, 2011.
   6. CPL 03-00-012 – OSHA’s National Emphasis Program (NEP) on Shipbreaking, November 4, 2010, not adopted by HIOSH
   7. CPL 02-01-049 – 29 CFR Part 1915, Subpart I, Enforcement Guidance for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Shipyard Employment, November 4, 2010, adopted by HIOSH on September 20, 2011.
   8. CPL 02-01-047 – OSHA Authority over Vessels and Facilities on or Adjacent to U.S. Navigable Waters and the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), February 22, 2010, Resource only
2. Standards.
   1. 29 CFR Part 1915 – Shipyard Employment. Including the Shipyard Industry Standards “Brown Book,” OSHA Publication 2268-03R (2009).
   2. 29 CFR Part 1917 – Marine Terminals. Including the Longshoring Industry “Green Book,” OSHA Publication 2232 (2001).
   3. 29 CFR Part 1918 – Longshoring. Including the Longshoring Industry “Green Book,” OSHA Publication 2232 (2001).
   4. 29 CFR Part 1919 – Gear Certification. (See also 1915.115(a), 1917.50, 1918.11, and 1918.66(a)(1)).
3. Guidance Documents.
   1. Shipyard Employment Industry
      • Guidance Documents
        • Safe Work Practices for Marine Hanging Staging. OSHA Guidance Document (April 2005); also available as a PDF.
        • Safe Work Practices for Shipbreaking. OSHA Publication 3375-03 (March 2010).
        • Abrasive Blasting Hazards in Shipyard Employment. OSHA Guidance Document (December 2006).
        • Ventilation in Shipyard Employment. OSHA Publication 3639-04 (2013)
      • Safety and Health Injury Prevention Sheets (SHIPS)
        • Control of Hazardous Energy Lockout/Tags-Plus. (April 2014)
        • Shipboard Electrical. (December 2013)
        • Rigging. (April 2011)
        • Shiplifting. (August 2008)
        • Hot Work – Welding, Cutting, and Brazing. OSHA Safety and Health Injury Prevention Sheets.
      • Fact Sheets
        • Safe Lighting Practices in the Shipyard Industry. OSHA Publication FS 3677 (November 2013)
        • Shipbreaking. OSHA Fact Sheet (2001). English PDF. Spanish PDF.
        • Guidelines for Safely Entering and Cleaning Vessel Sewage Tanks. OSHA Publication FS 3587 (March 2013).
        • Safely Performing Hot Work on Hollow or Enclosed Structures in Shipyards. OSHA Publication FS 3586 (March 2013)
        • General Working Conditions in Shipyard Employment: Motor-Vehicle Safety Equipment, Operation and Maintenance.
        • General Working Conditions in Shipyard Employment: Sanitation.
        • General Working Conditions in Shipyard Employment: Lockout/Tags-plus Coordination.
        • Spud Barge Safety. OSHA Publication FS 3358 (January 2009).
        • Eye Protection against Radiant Energy during Welding and Cutting in Shipyard Employment. OSHA Publication FS 3499 (January 2012). English PDF. Spanish PDF.
        • Safety While Working Alone in Shipyards. OSHA Publication FS 3591 (March 2013)
      • Quick Cards.
        • Fire Watch Safety during Hot Work in Shipyards. OSHA Publication 3494.
        • Hot Work Safety on Hollow or Enclosed Structures in Shipyards. OSHA Publication 3585 (March 2013).
        • Aerial Lift Protection Over Water. OSHA Publication 3452 (September 2011). English PDF. Spanish PDF
      • Additional Guidance.
        • Deck Barge Safety. OSHA Guidance Document, Publication 3358-01N (January 2009).
        • Ergonomics for the Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders: Guidelines for Shipyards. OSHA Guidance Document, Publication 3341-03N (March 2008).
        • Shipyard Fire Protection Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). OSHA (March 2006); also available as a PDF.
        • Hanging Staging (Marine). OSHA eTool.
        • Fire Protection in Shipyard Employment. OSHA Slide Presentation (March 2005).
   2. Marine Cargo Handling Industry.
      • Fact Sheets.
        • Working Safely While Repairing Intermodal Containers in Marine Terminals. OSHA Publication FS 3626 (April 2013).
        • Freeing Inoperable Semi-Automatic Twist Locks (SATLs) in Longshoring. OSHA Publication FS 3583 (December 2012)
        • Traffic Lanes and Personnel Safety Zones. OSHA Publication FS 3540 (May 2012).
        • Radio Communication Can Assist Container Gantry Crane Operators in Marine Terminals. OSHA Publication FS 3267 (June 2007); also available as a PDF.
        • Marine Terminal Fall Protection for Personnel Platforms. OSHA Fact Sheet (June 2006); also available as a PDF.
      • Quick Cards.
        • First Aid in Marine Cargo Handling, OSHA Publication 3368 (December 2009). English and Spanish PDF.
        • Lifesaving Facilities in Marine Cargo Handling, OSHA Publication 3367 (December 2009), English and Spanish PDF.
        • Safe Plugging and Unplugging Reefer Units in Longshoring and Marine Terminals. OSHA Publication 3652 (June 2013)
        • Top/Side Handler Safety in Marine Terminals. OSHA Publication 3621 (April 2013)
        • Servicing Multi-Piece and Single-Piece Rim Wheels. OSHA Publication 3584 (March 2013)
        • Safe Operation of Semi-tractors in Marine Terminals. OSHA Publication 3653 (May 2013).
        • Safely Operating and Working Around Cargo Handling Equipment during Marine Terminal Operations. OSHA Publication 3640 (May 2013)
        • Mechanics Working in “the Yard” on Powered Equipment during Marine Terminal Operations. OSHA Publication 3562 (July 2012).
        • Working Safely on the Apron or Highline during Marine Terminal Operations. OSHA Publication 3539 (May 2012)
        • Gangway Safety in Marine Cargo Handling, OSHA Publication 3369 (December 2009). English and Spanish PDF.
4. OSHA Agreements with other Agencies and Organizations.
   1. Settlement Agreement concerning Powered Industrial Truck Operator Training Standard between the National Maritime Safety Association (NMSA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, July 14, 2000
   2. Memorandum of Agreement on Interagency Coordination for Ship Scrapping (i.e., shipbreaking) between DOD/DOT/EPA/DOL-OSHA, November 16, 1999.
   3. Memoranda of Understanding between the U.S. Coast Guard and OSHA located in CPL 02-01-047 – OSHA Authority over Vessels and Facilities on or Adjacent to U.S. Navigable Waters and the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), February 22, 2010, concerning:
      • The Health and Safety of Seamen on Inspected Vessels (see Appendix D of the Instruction); and
      • Occupational Safety and Health on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) (see Appendix E of the Instruction).
5. eTools, Expert Advisors, eMatrix.
   1. eTools are “stand-alone,” interactive, web-based training tools that provide highly illustrated information and guidance on occupational safety and health topics. Some also use expert system modules, which enable users to answer questions and receive reliable advice on how OSHA standards apply to their worksite(s).
   2. Shipyard Employment eTools were developed by OSHA in conjunction with the shipyard employment industry for ship repair, shipbuilding, shipbreaking, and barge cleaning activities. The eTools provide comprehensive information, in an electronic format with photos and illustrations, regarding the applicability of safety and health standards. They are excellent overall training tools and good for safety briefs of specific standards.
6. Public Maritime Webpage.
   OSHA’s public maritime webpage (Maritime Internet) provides access to maritime directives, standards, guidance documents and eTools, as well as:
   1. Shipyard employment fatality videos – presents 16 computer- generated animated scenarios based on actual shipyard fatalities. Each scenario includes a review of the factors that contributed to the accident and how to avoid them;
   2. Longshoring and Marine Terminals: Fatal Facts – presents 42 written scenarios based on actual marine cargo handling fatalities;
   3. Maritime Outreach Training Programs – includes OSHA’s Maritime “Train-the-trainer” (course #5400), and OSHA’s 10- hour and 30-hour Maritime Industry courses;
   4. MACOSH (Maritime Advisory Committee for OSH) – includes upcoming/recent events, background and history, current membership, meeting minutes, and MACOSH Federal Register notices;
   5. Federal Registers pertaining to the maritime industry;
   6. SHIPS – Safety and Health Injury Prevention Sheets developed by OSHA in conjunction with the shipyard industry to provide specific guidance and “Do’s and Don’ts” with accompanying photographs for various shipyard processes;
   7. Maritime crane accreditation and certification program information including: an explanation of the program, instructions for the use of the OSHA-71 and -72 forms, and a list of agencies accredited under the 29 CFR Part 1919 program;
   8. Shipyard Employment Industry “Flyer.” OSHA Products, Information and Guidance (November 2007); also available as a PDF;
   9. Longshoring and Marine Terminal Industries “Flyer.” OSHA Products, Information and Guidance (November 2007); also available as a PDF; and
   10. Office of Maritime Enforcement (OME). One of five offices within the Directorate of Enforcement Programs (DEP). OME provides support for maritime employment through the development of standards interpretations, management and administration of the 29 CFR Part 1919 maritime gear certification program (including the web-based Maritime Crane database for OSHA-71 and -72 forms) and coordination of the activities of the Agency’s Maritime Steering Committee. CSHOs who need standards interpretations, have questions or require access to the 1919 Maritime Crane database (requires training and a password) should contact OME at 202-693- 2399.
7. CSHO Maritime Webpage.
   OSHA’s maritime (Intranet) webpage provides CSHOs with the following information:
   • Shipyard Listing – a list of all shipyards by OSHA Region and State (Excel format);
   • Boatyard Listing – a list of all boatyards by OSHA Region and State (Excel format);
   • Sea Bag – provides e-links to industry resources to search and verify a corporation’s name, address, and ownership by state; and
   • SAVEs (Standard Alleged Violation Elements) for the maritime industry standards. SAVEs and associated AVDs (Alleged Violation Elements) are available on the Intranet for all enforceable Part 1915, Part 1917 and Part 1918 standards. The Office of Maritime Enforcement is responsible for maintaining the maritime SAVEs.

B. Shipyard Employment (Part 1915).

1. Coverage.
   1. Shipyard employment includes the building, repairing, and breaking (scrapping, disposal, recycling) of vessels, or a section of a vessel, without regard to geographical location, and is covered by 29 CFR Part 1915 for Shipyard Employment (see 29 CFR 1910.11(b)). Examples of vessels include, but are not limited to: ships, barges, fishing boats, work boats, cruise liners, and floating oil drilling rigs (i.e., mobile offshore drilling units). The Area Office should consult with the Regional Solicitor’s Office with respect to citing violations involving shipyard employment not on U.S. navigable waters in the Third, Fifth, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuits. However, the Area Office need not do so for violations of Subpart B (confined spaces), Subpart I (PPE), and Subpart P (fire protection) since these subparts have provisions expressly applying these subparts regardless of geographical location.
   2. Shipyard employment involves work activities aboard floating vessels as well as vessel-related work activities on the land, docks, piers, etc., of a shipyard. Although 29 CFR Part 1915 covers many hazards in shipyard employment, it does not cover all such hazards. Therefore, some of the 29 CFR Part 1910 General Industry Standards are also applicable in shipyard employment. (See Appendix A of CPL 02-00-157, Shipyard Employment “Tool Bag” Directive, April 1, 2014)
      NOTE: Not all activities within a shipyard are considered shipyard employment covered by 29 CFR Part 1915. For example, erection of a new building, roadway construction, demolition activities (including the dismantling of cranes), and the installation of water pipes are covered by Construction Standards, 29 CFR Part 1926.
2. Shipyard Authority.
   1. U.S. Coast Guard.
      • OSHA and the U.S. Coast Guard each have authority over shipyard employment activities. The U.S. Coast Guard regulates working conditions for seamen (crew members) on inspected vessels through 46 CFR 90.05- 1. OSHA has authority to cite shipyard employment activities on inspected vessels if the work is performed by shipyard employees (non-crew members).
        NOTE: An inspected vessel is any ship, boat, barge, etc., that has or is required to have a Certificate of Inspection (COI) issued by the U.S. Coast Guard.
      • On uninspected vessels, OSHA has authority to cite shipyard employers for all working conditions. OSHA also can cite the owners or operators of uninspected vessels for violations involving shipbuilding, shipbreaking, and ship repair operations regardless of whether the work is performed by seamen (crew members) or by non-crew members unless the hazards are covered by U.S. Coast Guard regulations. (See Section XIV.B.1. in CPL 02-01-047 – OSHA Authority over Vessels and Facilities on or Adjacent to U.S. Navigable Waters and the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), February 22, 2010.)
      • CSHOs should contact the vessel owner, master or captain to obtain the vessel identification or official number (VIN or ON) and contact the nearest U.S. Coast Guard Sector (http://homeport.uscg.mil or USCG 2013 Phonebook) to determine whether the vessel is inspected or uninspected.
   2. U.S. Navy.
      OSHA has authority under the OSH Act over shipyard employment aboard U.S. Navy vessels and within a U.S. Navy shipyard when the work is performed by a contractor. U.S. Navy civilian personnel are covered under Presidential Executive Order 12196, implemented by 29 CFR Part 1960. There are no geographic limitations of OSHA’s coverage for Executive Branch federal civilian employees who are not performing uniquely military operations as defined in 29 CFR 1960.2(i). Therefore, OSHA’s authority extends to all federal civil service mariners (CIVMARs) in the U.S. Navy’s Military Sealift Command (MSC).
      However, OSHA does not have coverage over any Armed Forces personnel (uniformed military) such as: U.S. Navy (including MSC military department (MILDEPT)), U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Coast Guard, both active duty and reserve.
   3. State Plans.
      • Private Sector Employees.
        States that operate their own OSHA-approved State Plans may elect to exercise authority over private sector maritime employees. States that have authority to exercise safety and health standards over private sector, land-side shipyard employment activities are: California, Minnesota, Vermont, and Washington. (See the State Plan standards in 29 CFR Part 1952 of these States for specific areas of authority.) However, OSHA retains authority in these four States on U.S. navigable waters. In the remaining States, OSHA has authority over all shipyard employees whether working land-side or on U.S. navigable waters.
        NOTE: U.S. navigable waters include graving-docks, dry-docks, lifting-docks, and marine railways (i.e., federal jurisdiction).
      • Public Sector Employees.
        State Plan States have authority over employees of State and local governments, (e.g., port authorities, cities, counties, etc.), on both the land-side areas and aboard vessels. OSHA has no authority over “…any State or political subdivisions of a State.” Section 3(5) of the OSH Act, 29 U.S.C. 625(5).
3. Shipyard Inspections.
   1. Inspection Scheduling.
      A programmed inspection under maritime may occur as part of the programmed inspection for the particular state/county agency. CSHOs should review the OSHA-300 for potentially hazardous working conditions and if occurring in maritime situations, should include these sites in their inspection
   2. CSHO Training.
      Branch Managers are responsible for ensuring that CSHOs are qualified to inspect/intervene in shipyard employment establishments. Although CSHOs should have completed the OTI Course #2090, Shipyard Processes and Standards, or have received equivalent training and/or experience prior to conducting shipyard inspections for their own safety within shipyards, the nature of the work performed by public sector employees within shipyards would not normally require such training.
   3. CSHO Preparation.
      In addition to normal inspection preparation procedures, CSHOs must be properly equipped and attired. All necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) must be available for use and in proper operating condition. CSHOs must be trained in the uses and limitations of PPE before beginning the inspection. At the opening conference, the CSHO will request a copy of the employer’s certification of hazard assessment prepared in accordance with 29 CFR 1915.152(b) in order to be aware of the necessary PPE. The suggested minimum PPE for a CSHO is: a hard hat, safety shoes, gloves, eye protection, hearing protection, a personal flotation device (PFD) if working over or near water, and a high-visibility/retro-reflective vest. Additional PPE may be required, such as a respirator, if conditions warrant. All testing and monitoring equipment must be calibrated (if necessary) and in good condition. It may be advisable for a CSHO to carry a multi-gas meter when conducting a vessel inspection to test for O2, H2S, CO, and/or LEL.
   4. Safety and Health Rules at Shipyards.
      HIOSH Policy requires CSHOs to comply with all site safety and health rules and practices at a shipyard or on a vessel, and to wear or use the safety clothing or protective equipment required by HIOSH standards or by the employer for the protection of employees.
   5. Multi-employer Worksites.
      Public sector employees may be exposed to hazards created, controlled by or where abatement is the responsibility of other employers. Regardless, the public sector employer has the responsibility for protection of its own workers and must exercise reasonable diligence. If a multi-employer worksite condition is encountered, a referral should be made to the Area Office to cover the employers not under Hawaii’s jurisdiction.
   6. The process which must be followed in determining whether more than one employer is potentially liable for employee safety and heath conditions can be found in OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-124, Multi-Employer Citation Policy, December 10, 1999. CSHOs are to include as much information as possible to help OSHA determine whether an inspection is warranted.
4. Applicable Standards.
   1. 29 CFR Part 1915 – Shipyard Employment Standards.
      Apply to all ship repairing, shipbuilding, shipbreaking and related employments.
   2. 29 CFR Part 1910 – General Industry Standards.
      For a list of general industry standards that do or do not apply in shipyard employment, refer to Appendix A: Application of 29 CFR Part 1910 Standards to 29 CFR Part 1915 Shipyard Employment, in the Shipyard “Tool Bag” Directive.
   3. 29 CFR Part 1926 – Construction Standards.
      Apply when:
      • Construction activities occur on shipyards; or
      • Construction materials, equipment and supplies in support of a construction project are unloaded, moved, or handled into, in, on, or out of any vessel, from shore- to-vessel, from vessel-to-shore, or from vessel-to- vessel. (See STD 03-13-002, 29 CFR 1926.605(a)(1) as Applied to Maritime Construction; July 15, 1982.)
        NOTE: Incidental maintenance or normal upkeep performed on floating equipment during actual construction operations is not covered by 29 CFR 1915.115(a), but major overhauls of floating equipment when equipment is taken out of service and is not being used for construction operations are covered by 29 CFR 1915.115(a). (See STD 03-13-002, 29 CFR 1926.605(a)(1) as Applied to Maritime Construction; July 15, 1982.)
   4. 29 CFR Part 1919 – Gear Certification
      Provides guidance for the approval of OSHA-accredited agencies and criteria for Part 1919 agencies to evaluate and issue a certificate (OSHA Form-71 and -72) for certain cranes in shipyards. The 29 CFR Part 1919 standards may not be cited by CSHOs. They shall use the appropriate 29 CFR Part 1915 standards to cite hazards. (See 1915.115(a)).
5. Shipyard References.
   There are a number of resources available to assist CSHOs in conducting shipyard employment inspections; however, there are three principle references.
   1. Shipyard Employment “Tool Bag” Directive.
      The Shipyard “Tool Bag” Directive is the primary source of information for all aspects of shipyard employment inspections. All maritime industry primary resources that have relevance in the shipyard employment industry can be accessed through the “Tool Bag” directive via e-Links. The “Tool Bag” directive “One Stop Shopping” concept is designed to provide comprehensive information about inspection scheduling, conduct of shipyard inspections, shipyard alliances, training sources, etc. Appendix A of the directive is very useful because it contains guidance about which General Industry Standards (29 CFR Part 1910) can be used in shipyard employment, and equally important, which general industry standards are applicable aboard a vessel. The “Tool Bag” directive also consolidates all OSHA interpretations related to shipyard employment into a question-and-answer appendix.
   2. Public Maritime Webpage.
      OSHA’s public maritime webpage (Maritime Internet) provides access to shipyard employment directives, standards, guidance documents and eTools, as well as:
      • Shipyard employment fatality videos – presents 16 computer-generated animated scenarios based on actual shipyard fatalities. Each scenario includes a review of the factors that contributed to the accident and how to avoid them;
      • Maritime Outreach Training Programs – includes OSHA’s Maritime “Train-the-trainer” (course #5400), and OSHA’s 10-hour and 30-hour Maritime Industry courses;
      • MACOSH (Maritime Advisory Committee for OSH) – includes upcoming/recent events, background and history, current membership, meeting minutes, and MACOSH Federal Register notices;
      • Federal Registers pertaining to the maritime industry;
      • SHIPS – Safety and Health Injury Prevention Sheets developed by OSHA in conjunction with the shipyard industry to provide specific guidance and “Do’s and Don’ts” with accompanying photographs for various shipyard processes;
      • Maritime crane accreditation and certification program information including: an explanation of the program, instructions for the use of the OSHA-71 and -72 forms, and a list of agencies accredited under the 29 CFR Part 1919 program; and
      • Shipyard Employment Industry “Flyer.” OSHA Products, Information and Guidance (November 2007); also available as a PDF.
   3. CSHO Maritime Webpage.
      OSHA’s maritime (Intranet) webpage provides CSHOs with the following relevant information:
      • Shipyard Listing – a list of all shipyards by OSHA Region and State (Excel format);
      • Boatyard Listing – a list of all boatyards by OSHA Region and State (Excel format);
      • Sea Bag – provides e-links to industry resources to search and verify a corporation’s name, address, and ownership by state; and
      • SAVEs (Standard Alleged Violation Elements) for the maritime industry standards. SAVEs and associated AVDs (Alleged Violation Descriptions) are available on the Intranet for all enforceable Part 1915, Part 1917 and Part 1918 standards. The Office of Maritime Enforcement is responsible for maintaining the maritime SAVEs.

C. Marine Cargo Handling Industry (Parts 1917 & 1918).

1. Coverage.
   The marine cargo handling industry includes:
   1. Longshoring and related employment aboard a vessel. Longshoring is the loading, unloading, moving or handling of cargo, ship’s stores, gear, or any other materials into, in, on, or out of any vessel. Related employment is any employment performed incidental to or in conjunction with longshoring, including securing cargo, rigging, and employment as a porter, clerk, checker, or security officer (see 29 CFR 1918.2); and
   2. Marine terminal (on shore) employment, as defined in 29 CFR 1917.1, includes the loading, unloading, movement or other handling of cargo, ship’s stores, or gear within the terminal or into or out of any land carrier, holding or consolidation area, and any other activity within and associated with the overall operations and functions of the terminal, except as noted in the standards. It includes all cargo transfers using shore-based material handling devices. (See Longshoring and Marine Terminals “Tool Shed” Directive, CPL 02-00-139, May 23, 2006.)
2. Marine Cargo Handling Authority
   • U.S. Coast Guard.
     OSHA has authority to cite employers engaged in longshoring and marine terminal operations except for state and local government; U.S. Coast Guard regulations do not preempt OSHA from citing such employers. On inspected vessels, OSHA has no authority to cite the owner or operator of the vessel with respect to any working conditions of seamen (crew members), regardless of the work they are performing. On uninspected vessels OSHA may cite the owner or operator of the vessel for any violation of working conditions affecting seamen or non-seamen, unless the hazards are covered by U.S. Coast Guard regulations. (See CPL 02-01- 047 – OSHA Authority over Vessels and Facilities on or Adjacent to U.S. Navigable Waters and the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), February 22, 2010.)
   • U.S. Navy.
     OSHA has authority under the OSH Act over longshoring operations aboard U.S. Navy vessels and within a marine terminal at a U.S. Navy facility when the work is performed by a contractor. U.S. Navy civilian personnel are covered under Presidential Executive Order 12196, implemented by 29 CFR Part 1960. There are no geographic limitations of OSHA’s coverage for Executive Branch federal civilian employees who are not performing uniquely military operations as defined in 29 CFR 1960.2(i). Therefore, OSHA’s authority extends to all federal civil service mariners (CIVMARs) in the U.S. Navy’s Military Sealift Command (MSC).
     However, OSHA does not have coverage over any Armed Forces personnel (uniformed military) such as: U.S. Navy (including MSC military department (MILDEPT)), U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Coast Guard, both active duty and reserve.
   • State Plans.
     • Private Sector Employees.
       States that operate their own OSHA-approved State Plans may elect to exercise authority over private sector maritime employees. States that have authority to exercise safety and health standards over private sector, land-side marine terminal employment activities are: California, Minnesota, Vermont, and Washington. (See the State Plan standards in 29 CFR Part 1952 of these States for specific areas of authority.) However, OSHA retains authority in these four States on U.S. navigable waters (i.e., longshoring employment). In the remaining States, OSHA has authority over all marine cargo handling employees whether working land-side or on U.S. navigable waters.
     • Public Sector Employees.
       State Plan States have authority over employees of State and local governments, e.g., port authorities, cities, counties, etc., on both the land-side areas and aboard vessels. OSHA has no authority over “…any State or political subdivisions of a State.” Section 3(5) of the OSH Act, 29 U.S.C. 625(5).
3. Marine Cargo Handling Inspections.
   1. Inspection Scheduling.
      A programmed inspection under marine cargo handling operations may occur as part of the programmed inspection for the particular state/county agency. CSHOs should review the OSHA-300 for potentially hazardous working conditions and if occurring in maritime situations, should include these sites in their inspection.
   2. CSHO Training.
      Branch Managers are responsible for ensuring that CSHOs are qualified to inspect/intervene in marine cargo handling establishments. Although CSHOs should have completed the OTI Course #2060, Longshoring and Marine Terminal Processes and Standards, or have received equivalent training and/or experience for prior to conducting marine cargo handling industry inspections for their own safety and health, the nature of the work performed by public sector employees would not normally require such training.
   3. CSHO Preparation.
      In addition to normal inspection preparation procedures, CSHOs must be properly equipped and attired. All necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) must be available for use and in proper operating condition. CSHOs must be trained in the uses and limitations of PPE before beginning the inspection. The suggested minimum PPE for a CSHO is: a hard hat, safety shoes, gloves, eye protection, hearing protection, a personal flotation device (PFD) if working over or near water, and a high- visibility/retro-reflective vest. Additional PPE may be required, such as a respirator, if conditions warrant. All testing and monitoring equipment must be calibrated (if necessary) and in good condition. It may be advisable for a CSHO to carry a multi-gas meter when conducting a vessel inspection to test for O2, H2S, CO, and/or LEL.
   4. Safety and Health Rules at a Marine Cargo Handling Facility.
      HIOSH policy requires CSHOs to comply with all site safety and health rules and practices at marine cargo handling facility or vessel, and to wear or use the safety clothing or protective equipment required by OSHA standards or by the employer for the protection of employees.
   5. Inspection Procedures.
      • A CSHO shall gain access to a marine terminal by following local security measures (see also paragraph E. Security Procedures for more information). When a longshoring operation inspection only involves a stevedoring company (i.e., a company that hires longshoring employees) and does not involve the marine terminal operator, the CSHO shall go directly to the vessel to initiate the inspection. The employer’s representative (such as a superintendent, crew leader, supervisor or hatch boss) and a union representative (if applicable) will be contacted, and the opening conference held. The inspection will usually be limited to the vessel being worked by the stevedore. When the stevedore and the terminal operator are the same, an inspection of both the terminal and vessel will typically be conducted when Federal OSHA has authority.
      •  A CSHO shall always notify the master of the vessel (i.e., captain) or have the stevedore’s representative notify the master prior to performing the walk-around portion of the inspection on a vessel.
      • f. Multi-employer Worksites.
      • Public sector employees may be exposed to hazards created, controlled by or where abatement is the responsibility of other employers. Regardless, the public sector employer has the responsibility for protection of its own workers and must exercise reasonable diligence. If a multi-employer worksite condition is encountered, a referral should be made to the Area Office to cover the employers not under Hawaii’s jurisdiction.
      • The process which must be followed in determining whether more than one employer is potentially liable for employee safety and health conditions can be found in OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-124, Multi-Employer Citation Policy, December 10, 1999. CSHOs are to include as much information as possible to help OSHA determine whether an inspection is warranted.
4. Applicable Standards.
   1. There are separate standards for the two components of marine cargo handling.
      • Marine Terminal Standards.
        Material handling activities that occur on piers, docks, wharves, and other shore-side locations are covered by 29 CFR Part 1917, Marine Terminals Standards. (See also the Longshoring Industry “Green Book,” OSHA Publication 2232 (2001)).
      • Longshoring Standards.
        Material handling activities occurring on a vessel are covered by 29 CFR Part 1918, Longshoring Standards. (See also the Longshoring Industry “Green Book,” OSHA Publication 2232 (2001)).
   2. General Criteria for Standard Application.
      There are often uncertainties as to which part applies. The following are some basic “rule-of-thumb” criteria for making a determination concerning standard applicability.
      • Lifting Devices.
        • Use 29 CFR Part 1917 for cranes, derricks, hoists, spouts, etc., located on the marine terminal.
        • Use 29 CFR Part 1918 for cranes, derricks, hoists, etc., located on the vessel.
          NOTE: See CPL 02-01-055, Maritime Cargo Gear Standards and 29 CFR Part 1919 Certification, September 30, 2013. (Reference only)
          NOTE: See the third bullet under III.C.4.c, below, if cranes, derricks, or hoists are involved in construction activities.
      • Work Location.
        • 29 CFR Part 1917 applies if the work occurs within a marine terminal (i.e., on the land-side), including all piers, docks and wharves.
        • 29 CFR Part 1918 applies if the work occurs on a vessel (i.e., on the water), including the gangway.
          NOTE: See the third bullet under III.C.4.c, below, if cranes, derricks, or hoists are involved in construction activities.
   3. Other Applicable Standards.
      • Gear Certification – 29 CFR Part 1919.
        Provides guidance for the approval of OSHA-accredited agencies and criteria for Part 1919 agencies to evaluate and issue a certificate (OSHA Form-71 and -72) for cargo handling gear onboard vessels and at marine terminals. The 29 CFR Part 1919 standards may not be cited by CSHOs. They shall use the appropriate 29 CFR Part 1917 or 1918 standards to cite hazards. (See 1917.50, 1918.11, and 1918.66.)
      • General Industry Standards – 29 CFR Part 1910.
        The only 29 CFR Part 1910 General Industry Standards that are applicable to marine terminals and longshoring operations are identified in the Scope and Applicability sections of each part. (See 1917.1(a)(2) and 1918.1(b)).
      • Construction Standards – 29 CFR Part 1926.
        Apply when:
        • Construction activities occur on marine terminals; or
        • Construction materials, equipment and supplies in support of a construction project are unloaded, moved, or handled into, in, on, or out of any vessel, from shore-to-vessel, from vessel-to-shore, or from vessel-to-vessel. (See STD 03-13-002, 29 CFR 1926.605(a)(1) as Applied to Maritime Construction; July 15, 1982.)
      • Shipyard Employment Standards – 29 CFR Part 1915.
        When vessels located at marine terminals are repaired, 29 CFR Part 1915 Shipyard Employment Standards apply.

1. Marine Cargo Handling References.
   There are a number of resources available to assist CSHOs in conducting marine cargo handling industry inspections; however, there are three principle references.
   1. Longshoring and Marine Terminal “Tool Shed” Directive.
      The Longshoring and Marine Terminal “Tool Shed” Directive is the primary source of information for all aspects of marine cargo handling industry inspections. All maritime industry primary resources that have relevance in the marine cargo handling industry can be accessed through the “Tool Shed” directive via e-Links. The “Tool Shed” directive “One Stop Shopping” concept is designed to provide comprehensive information about inspection scheduling, conduct of marine cargo handling inspections, alliances, training sources, etc. Appendices are provided which cross-reference similar 29 CFR Part 1917 and Part 1918 standards and include a question-and- answer section about the longshoring and marine terminal standards.
   2. Public Maritime Webpage.
      OSHA’s public maritime webpage (Maritime Internet) provides access to marine cargo handling directives, standards, guidance documents and eTools, as well as:
      • Longshoring and Marine Terminals: Fatal Facts – presents 42 written scenarios based on actual marine cargo handling fatalities;
      • Maritime Outreach Training Programs – includes OSHA’s Maritime “Train-the-trainer” (course #5400), and OSHA’s 10-hour and 30-hour Maritime Industry courses;
      • MACOSH (Maritime Advisory Committee for OSH) – includes upcoming/recent events, background and history, current membership, meeting minutes, and MACOSH Federal Register notices;
      • Federal Registers pertaining to the maritime industry;
      • Maritime crane accreditation and certification program information including: an explanation of the program, instructions for the use of the OSHA-71 and -72 forms, and a list of agencies accredited under the 29 CFR Part 1919 program; and
      • Longshoring and Marine Terminal Industries “Flyer.” OSHA Products, Information and Guidance (November 2007); also available as a PDF.
   3. CSHO Maritime Webpage.
      OSHA’s maritime (Intranet) webpage provides CSHOs with the following relevant information:
      • Sea Bag – Provides an all-inclusive list of enforcement resources and tools for Compliance Officers to effectively use when conducting safety and health inspections within the Maritime Industry; and
      • SAVEs (Standard Alleged Violation Elements) for the maritime industries. SAVEs and associated AVDs (Alleged Violation Descriptions) are available on the Intranet for all enforceable Part 1915, Part 1917 and Part 1918 standards. The Office of Maritime Enforcement is responsible for maintaining the maritime SAVEs.

D. Other Marine Activities.

There are a number of other activities that occur on, above, or in water. Although these other activities involve water, there are no separate 29 CFR parts that specifically deal with them. Rather, the activities are covered by either general industry or construction standards.

1. Commercial Diving – 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart T. (See CPL 02-00-151, 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart T – Commercial Diving Operations, June 13, 2011, adopted by HIOSH on September 26, 2011)
   
   Diving activities related to shipyard employment are covered by 29 CFR 1915.6 and diving activities related to construction activities are covered by 29 CFR Part 1926, Subpart Y. Both standards reference 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart T.
   
   NOTE: Diving is classified as NAICS code 561990.
2. Commercial Fishing – 29 CFR Part 1910. (See CPL 02-01-047, OSHA Authority over Vessels and Facilities on or Adjacent to U.S. Navigable Waters and the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), February 22, 2010.)
   
   Shipyard employment activities for fishing vessels are covered by 29 CFR Part 1915; marine cargo handling activities for fishing vessels are covered by 29 CFR Parts 1917 and 1918.
   
   Commercial fishing is classified as NAICS codes:
   114111 Finfish Fishing (SIC code 0912 – Finfish);
   114112 Shellfish Fishing (SIC code 0913 – Shellfish); and
   114119 Other Marine Fishing (SIC code 09190919 – Miscellaneous Marine Products (Except plant aquaculture, cultured pearl production, and catching sea urchins)).
3. Marine Construction – 29 CFR Part 1926. (See in particular 29 CFR 1926.605 and 29 CFR 1926.106.)
   Construction activities (e.g., bridge and pier construction, bulkhead construction, installation of sewage outfalls) occurring from a vessel are considered marine construction and are covered under the 29 CFR Part 1926 Construction Standards.
4. Towboats/Tugboats – 29 CFR Part 1910. (See CPL 02-01-047 – OSHA Authority over Vessels and Facilities on or Adjacent to U.S. Navigable Waters and the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), February 22, 2010.)
   Unless a ship repair or cargo transfer activity is involved with work in the above industries, the Shipyard Standards (29 CFR Part 1915), Marine Terminals Standards (29 CFR Part 1917), and Longshoring Standards (29 CFR Part 1918) do not apply. Normal towboat and tugboat operations are covered by the 29 CFR Part 1910 General Industry Standards.
   
   On August 9, 2004, Congress gave the U.S. Coast Guard authority to regulate all towing vessels as inspected vessels under 46 U.S.C. 3301; as a general rule, such vessels were previously classified as uninspected vessels. The U.S. Coast Guard has not yet exercised this authority; thus, towing vessels, remain uninspected vessels. Therefore, OSHA will continue to provide safety and health coverage of employees on uninspected towing vessels until the U.S. Coast Guard issues inspected vessel regulations for these vessels.
   
   NOTE: The U.S. Coast Guard is required by 46 CFR 4.07-1 to conduct an investigation of all marine casualties or accidents, as defined in 46 CFR 4.03-1, to ascertain the cause of the casualty or accident. The mere fact that the U.S. Coast Guard is authorized to investigate a marine casualty or accident, or investigates one, does not mean that OSHA is preempted from exercising its authority pertaining to occupational safety and health.
5. Training Marine Oil Spill Response Workers Under OSHA’s Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard, OSHA Publication 3172 (2010).
   Training needed for marine oil spill response employees is covered under 29 CFR 1910.120 – Hazardous waste operations and emergency response (HAZWOPER) and explained in OSHA Publication 3172.
   
   OSHA’s website, Keeping Workers Safe During Oil Spill Response and Cleanup Operations, compiles safety and health information for workers conducting such operations including: multi-lingual fact sheets and guidance documents, oil spill training materials, national response system information, and many other additional resources relating to oil spills and cleanup operations.
6. Other Regulatory Agencies.
   During a maritime inspection, CSHOs may encounter other regulatory agencies such as, but not limited to, the: Department of Homeland Security (DHS), including the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA); U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE); Department of Transportation (DOT); Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE); Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC); and Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS). CSHOs should contact the Office of Maritime Enforcement for any questions regarding coordination and/or jurisdiction with other agencies.

E. Security Procedures.

1. Transportation Worker Identification Card (TWIC).
   The TWIC program is a Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and U.S. Coast Guard initiative. The TWIC program provides a tamper-resistant biometric credential to: maritime workers requiring unescorted access to secure areas of port facilities, outer continental shelf facilities, and vessels regulated under the Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA); and all U.S. Coast Guard credentialed merchant mariners. An estimated 750,000 individuals require TWICs.
   Question: Do OSHA compliance officers (federal and State) require a TWIC to gain access to maritime facilities?
   
   Answer: No, a CSHO’s credentials and government identification card are equivalent to a TWIC for the purposes of access to and escorting non-TWIC holders on maritime facilities (see Redefining Secure Areas and Acceptable Access Control, January 7, 2008 and TWIC & Law Enforcement Officials & Other Regulatory Agencies, November 21, 2007). Should problems arise, the CSHO should contact the local U.S. Coast Guard office (http://homeport.uscg.mil or USCG Phonebook) to obtain resolution and access. Difficulties in obtaining access to maritime facilities using CSHO credentials and a government identification card should be reported via the Regional Administrator to the Directorate of Enforcement Programs, Office of Maritime Enforcement at 202-693-2399.
2. Photography and Security at U.S. Navy Worksites.
   Area Directors should establish a photography and security policy agreement with an installation prior to conducting inspections.
   The U.S. Navy has advised its shore and afloat (ship) activities that permission is granted for Federal OSHA compliance officials to conduct safety and health inspections and investigations of U.S. Navy civilian and contractor workplaces. CSHOs will be required to present appropriate identifying credentials and a government identification card; also, for entry into nuclear, explosive and other security sensitive areas, a security clearance may be required.
   CSHOs shall be required to possess appropriate security clearances for entry into areas where the workplace is located.
   
   The current U.S. Navy policy prohibits OSHA compliance officials from taking photographs. CSHOs may request that photographs of safety and health conditions to be taken by U.S. Navy personnel. Any photographs taken by the U.S. Navy will initially be classified CONFIDENTIAL, and shall not be delivered to OSHA compliance officials until all film, negatives, and photographs have been fully screened and censored, as appropriate, in the interest of national security. Also, any design or system performance data (e.g., recordings of noise sound level profiles and light level readings) shall be screened by the U.S. Navy prior to release to OSHA. This process is normally completed within a period of 15 working days from the receipt of material by the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEASYSCOM). If photos and/or data are not received by the Area Office within 30 working days of submission, the Area Office should contact the Office of Maritime Enforcement via their Regional Administrator.
   
   Representatives of the U.S. Navy will normally accompany CSHOs at all times during the physical inspection of U.S. Navy civilian or contractor workplaces. A representative of the contractor(s) and a representative of the employee(s) also may accompany the CSHO during the inspection. If there is no authorized employee representative, CSHOs may consult with a reasonable number of employees (contractors or U.S. Navy civilians) concerning matters of safety and health in the pertinent workplace. CSHOs may privately question the contractor(s), contractor employee(s), U.S. Navy civilian employee(s), or their authorized representative(s). (See chapter 11 in OPNAVINST 5100.23G – Navy Safety and Occupational Health (SOH) Program Manual, December 30, 2005.)